Eswatini (Swazi:
eSwatini),
officially the Kingdom of Eswatini (Swazi: Umbuso weSwatini) and also known as Swaziland;
officially renamed in 2018), is a landlocked country in Southern
Africa. It is bordered by Mozambique
to its northeast and South Africa to its north, west, and south. At
no more than 200 kilometres (120 mi) north to south and 130 kilometres
(81 mi) east to west, Eswatini is one of the smallest countries in Africa;
despite this, its climate and topography are diverse, ranging from a cool and mountainous highveld
to a hot and dry lowveld. The population is composed primarily of ethnic Swazis.
The language is Swazi (siSwati in native form). The Swazis
established their kingdom in the mid-18th century under the leadership of Ngwane III.
The country and the Swazi take their names from Mswati II,
the 19th-century king under whose rule Swazi territory was expanded and
unified; the present boundaries were drawn up in 1881 in the midst of the Scramble for Africa. After the Second Boer
War, the kingdom, under the name of Swaziland, was a British protectorate from 1903 until it
regained its independence on 6 September 1968. In April 2018, the official name
was changed from Kingdom of Swaziland to Kingdom of Eswatini, mirroring the
name commonly used in Swazi. The
government is an absolute monarchy, ruled by King Mswati III
since 1986. Elections are held every five years to determine the House of
Assembly and the Senate majority. The current constitution was adopted in 2005. Umhlanga,
the reed dance held in August/September, and incwala,
the kingship dance held in December/January, are the nation's most important
events.
There are known to be 507 bird species in Eswatini, including 11
globally threatened species and four introduced species, and 107 mammal species endemic to Eswatini,
including the critically endangered South-central black rhinoceros
and seven other endangered or vulnerable species. Protected areas of Eswatini include seven
nature reserves, four frontier conservation areas and three wildlife or game
reserves. Hlane Royal National Park, the largest
park in Eswatini, is rich in bird life, including white-backed vultures, white-headed, lappet-faced and Cape vultures,
raptors such as martial eagles, bateleurs,
and long-crested eagles, and the southernmost
nesting site of the marabou stork.
The first stamps of Swaziland were overprinted stamps of South African Republic (Transvaal) issued
18 October 1889. Swaziland became a protectorate of the South African Republic
in 1894 and the stamps of the South African Republic were used. In 1902,
Swaziland became a British protectorate following the Second Boer
War and the stamps of the Transvaal
Colony were used. From 1910, the stamps of the Union of South Africa were used. Stamps
were issued for Swaziland again in 1933. In 1967, Swaziland issued stamps as a
self-governing protected state. The kingdom gained independence in 1968. Since
2018, stamps are inscribed "Eswatini".
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