Canada
is a country in the northern part of North America. Its ten provinces
and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and
northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering 9.98 million square kilometres
(3.85 million square miles), making it the world's second-largest
country by total area. Its southern border with the United States,
stretching 8,891 kilometres (5,525 mi), is the world's longest bi-national
land border. Canada's capital is Ottawa, and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver.
By
total area (including its waters), Canada is the second-largest country in the world, after Russia. By land area alone, however, Canada ranks fourth, due to having the world's largest proportion of
fresh water lakes. Of Canada's thirteen
provinces and territories, eight share a border with the United
States, and only two are landlocked (Alberta and Saskatchewan), whereas Manitoba connects to the Atlantic via Hudson Bay, while the remaining ten
directly border one of three oceans. In addition to the US, Canada shares a maritime boundary with Greenland to the northeast and the France's overseas collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon
to the southeast. Canada is home to the world's northernmost settlement, Canadian Forces Station Alert, on the northern tip of Ellesmere Island. Much of the Canadian Arctic is covered by ice and permafrost. and three of Canada's arctic islands, Baffin Island, Victoria Island and
Ellesmere Island, are among the ten largest in the world.
The postal
and philatelic history of Canada concerns the territories which have formed Canada. Before Canadian confederation, the colonies of British
Columbia and Vancouver Island, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick
and Newfoundland issued stamps in their own names. The postal history falls into four major periods: French control (1604–1763), British control (1763–1841), colonial government
control (1841–1867), and Canada, since 1867. The colonies
co-operated in the local control of the postal system after they assumed the
administration from the General Post office in London in 1851, but each colony
issued its own stamps until it joined confederation. All colonies ceased
issuing postage stamps after joining confederation. The
colonies of British Columbia and
Vancouver Island
jointly issued stamps valid in both colonies in 1860.
In 1865, each colony
issued its own series. After the two colonies were merged in 1866, the united colony issued
stamps from 1867 to 1869. From the 1960s on, Canadian stamp policies have favored issuing a relatively large number of single commemorative valued at
the prevailing first-class rate. In its commemorative issues Canada has made
extensive use of works by well-known artists and until very recently has not
used images of living people on its stamps. In December, 2003 Canada Post
issued a new 49 cent definitive stamp bearing the image of the Queen, using a
photograph taken by rock star Bryan Adams. A similar redenominated stamp was issued in 2005
as a 50 cent denomination, and a 51 cent denomination in 2006.
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